Exercise does not affect Levodopa response

We studied 10 regular exercising men with Parkinson’s disease on levodopa (LD) under two conditions–no exercise and vigorous exercise started 1 hour after LD ingestion. We compared LD levels and motor scores on the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). There was a high degree of agreeme …

Source: Blood levodopa levels and unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale function: with and without exercise – PubMed

PD – Reduce Alpha-synuclein level, experimental protocol

Misfolded Alpha synuclein protein accumulate into aggregates (oligomers) and damage host cell. PD patients brain cells tend to express alpha synuclein in large amounts, Alpha-synucleinis assumed to have a role in the disease process, reducing Alpha-synuclein level may prevent neuron death and delay or reverse the disease process  More information >> [20]

The goal here is to normalize Alpha-synuclein level by using a simple protocol

Some notes:

  • Evidence is limited
  • Most references to the available evidence, is to scientific articles/research
  • Some “how to” information on healthline.com also linked to aid implementation
  • The challenge – decision making under conditions of uncertainty (meaning – evidence is partial, what do you do?).
  • The solution (hopefully)  – use a collection of tools, each with limited evidence,   while probably not all work, most likely some will work

The protocol:

1 – Sweating – 3 liters/day or so, research show that Alpha-synuclein accumulate around sweat glands, it seems safe to assume that Alpha-synuclein is secreted via the sweat glands [18][1]

2 – Alpha-synuclein is also secreted in the urine, so you can detox by drinking a lot and using mild diuretics e.g. parsley [2]

List of natural diuretics >>

3 – Probiotics Bacillus Subtillis PXN21, “eats” Alpha-synuclein in the gut, this probiotics is in the market for a number of years, it’s probably safe Successful experiment in animal model(worms) [3].

Note: several bacteria species ( Lactobacillus and Enterococcus) interact with Levodopa ,and so , limit production of dopamine in the brain 

4 – Optimise detox at the cell level (from the cell, out),  raise glutathione level ( intravenous  or suppository glutatyon or eat the precursors e.g sulfur found in eggs and cruciferous vegetables).

Glutathione has other benefits( master detoxifier, master anti oxidant), so it’s a good idea to boost it anyway [19].

How to increase glutathione by Mark Hayman [17]

More ways to increase glutathione [4].

Note, the other direction, overexpression of Alpha synuclein cause a decrease in glutathione level [5].

5 –

Sleep issues may have an adverse effect on brain detox processes, in particular on alpha synuclein clearance [6].

Most of the brain detox is done by the Glymphatic System during sleep, give it time, 7-8 hours of sleep, don’t go to sleep to late. More information [7].

During sleep, glymphatic system activity is characterized by a 60% increase in the interstitial space and CSF flow (Jessen et al., 2015; Xie et al., 2013), and clearance of alpha-synuclein, along with other protein accumulations, from the brain (Iliff et al.,  2012[6].

6 – Improve autophagy by intermittent fasting, preferably keto-fast – meaning a ketogenic diet in a 12 hours or less, daily eating window Ketogenic diet induced autophagy [8].

7- Alpha synuclein is found in Vertebras e.g cow, pig, chicken. Those molecules are almost identical to the human Alpha-synuclein, but not 100% identical, and may have a role in creating a pathology, much like in prion infection, more information >>[9].

Consider avoiding vertebrates, especially brain, bone merrow, bone broth.

Eggs – OK, as far as I checked.

8 – Mannitol

Mannitol was shown to inhibit formation of Alpha-synuclein oligomers[10], and there are anecdotal improvement reports of PD patients.

A clinical experiment (n=36) did not show significant improvement

You can add Mannitol to your diet in the dosage used in the experiment – start with 2.5 gram 2 times a day, gradually increase to 9 grams 2 times a day.

Why use Mannitol if the experiment showed no improvement ?
If, for example, subjects have existing damage(accumulated before the experiment), but new damage build up is slowed by say 50%, that’s very good, but the subjects will not experience any improvement. Maybe after a long time, difference relative to the control group will begin to show

9 – HSP – Heat shock proteins

Heat shock proteins – are listed here as they slow down or inhibit the formation of Alpha-synuclein oligomers.

The level of HSP in the body rise in response to adverse conditions (ice bath, sauna…intense exercise)

Sulforaphane- a compound found mostly in broccoli sprouts, also increase level of HSP. Sulforaphane is available in supplement form

Sulforaphaneis also beneficial to brain health as it reduces inflammation, increase anti oxidant activity and more [13], so it’s a good idea to use it anyway.

Mannitol  also increase HSP level, this is one of  the suggested mechanisms of action that explain why it inhibits creation of Alpha-synuclein oligomers, and generally improves PD [11].

Different heat shock proteins bind α-Synuclein with distinct mechanisms and synergistically prevent its  amyloid aggregation
[12]

More information on Sulforaphane >>
[13]

HSP27 binds Alpha synuclein  >>[14]

and

Sulforaphane increase level of HSP27 >> [15]

also  Sulforaphane increase level of HSP70 >>
[16]

10 – High intensity exercise

Irisin, a hormone secreted into the blood during high endurance and aerobic exercise, reduces levels of alpha-synuclein and restores movement in mouse models of PD [22]

Clinical research showing beneficial effect of high intensity exercise in PD patients  [23]

11 – Ambroxol – an over-the-counter cough syrup

One of the major genetic risk factors believed to contribute to the development of PD is having a mutation in the gene called GBA1 (glucocerebrosidase). Unable to do its job correctly, this damaged gene leads to the build-up of unhealthy, misfolded clumps of alpha-synuclein in the brain. These clumps, called Lewy bodies, impact dopamine production and are the hallmark of PD.

A 2020 study published in JAMA Neurology, titled, “Ambroxol for the Treatment of Patients with Parkinson Disease with and Without Glucocerebrosidase Gene Mutations: A Nonrandomized, Noncontrolled Trial” (Mullin et al., 2020), investigated whether an over-the-counter cough syrup, called Ambroxol, may be the key. [24]

12 – Mega dose, Vitamin B1 (Thiamine),

Vitamin B1, especially in high dose, improve PD  status according to a number of studies, one mechanism of action is reduction of Alpha-synuclein [24]

 

What to expect ?

If there is existing damage, and the protocol manage to stop/delay/reduce  further damage, e.g. by 100%,  this would be a significant achievement, but will not show as reduced symptoms (assuming n=1, meaning you tried it on yourself and you don’t have a control group etc).

A healthy person loose about 1% of its dopaminergic neurons every adult year,  this will not present symptoms as symptoms start showing when 80% or more of the dopaminergic capacity is gone

In a PD patient who started the protocol with say  15% of its dopaminergic capacity, even in the case of 100% cleanup of alpha synuclein, he will still be on 15% capacity and 14% next year, so…[21]

Not saying this to discourage, I believe the protocol worth the effort, and can by you time. I believe solutions based on gene therapy and stem cell  technology will be available soon.

Measuring Alpha-synuclein level require biopsy, we don’t have this technology available, but based on what we know from animal models, the protocol should work, at list some of it.

Besides it’s effect on Alpha-synuclein, the protocol is expected to improve brain health through several mechanisms including  reduced inflammation, normalizing heavy metals and other toxins, reduce oxidative stress, improved insulin sensitivity… So…good idea to try it anyway.

One more thing, a quote from  coacher Tony Robins –

Take Massive Action

 

What do you think ? feedback welcome, please comment below

Sign up for updates  here >>
(you will get a confirmation email)

Want to try it ?  good luck !  ( needless to say,  it’s your responsibility )

Please fill free to contact with any issue

Guy
0522-597925
guy@mashlima.com

 


Note:

This TED talk ___ suggests that misfolded alpha-synuclein aggregates are not a problem as long as normal alpha-synuclein is abundant, is this claim is correct, the above protocol  should be avoided

I collected the above set of tools, as they directly affect alpha-synuclein. Nevertheless, most those are very popular general health tools  e.g IM fasting, Keto, detox, sleep cycle compatible with circadian rhythm, Glutathione, Heat shock protein…

So, since they are popular, they seem to be safe.


[1] –

Gibbons, C. H., J. Garcia, N. Wang, L. C. Shih, and R. Freeman, 2016, The diagnostic discrimination of cutaneous α-synuclein deposition in Parkinson disease: Neurology, v. 87, no. 5, p. 505–512, doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000002919.

‌‌[2] –

Giri, B., M. Seamon, A. Banerjee, S. Chauhan, S. Purohit, J. Morgan, B. Baban, and C. Wakade, 2021, Emerging urinary alpha-synuclein and miRNA biomarkers in Parkinson’s disease: Metabolic Brain Disease, v. 37, no. 6, p. 1687–1696, doi:10.1007/s11011-021-00735-2.

‌‌‌[3] –

Probiotic Bacillus subtilis Protects against α-Synuclein Aggregation  -, 2022: <healthlinks.cc/probiotic-bacillus-subtilis-protects-against-%ce%b1-synuclein-aggregation/&gt; (accessed October 6, 2022).

‌‌[4] –

Berkheiser, K., 2018, 10 Natural Ways to Increase Your Glutathione Levels: Healthline Media: <www.healthline.com/nutrition/how-to-increase-glutathione#TOC_TITLE_HDR_4&gt; (accessed October 6, 2022).

‌‌[5] –

Perfeito, R., M. Ribeiro, and A. C. Rego, 2016, Alpha-synuclein-induced oxidative stress correlates with altered superoxide dismutase and glutathione synthesis in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells: Archives of Toxicology, v. 91, no. 3, p. 1245–1259, doi:10.1007/s00204-016-1788-6.

‌‌[6] –

Sundaram, S., R. L. Hughes, E. Peterson, E. M. Müller-Oehring, H. M. Brontë-Stewart, K. L. Poston, A. Faerman, C. Bhowmick, and T. Schulte, 2019, Establishing a framework for neuropathological correlates and glymphatic system functioning in Parkinson’s disease: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, v. 103, p. 305–315, doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.016.

‌‌[7] –

Raypole, C., 2020, How to “Detox” Your Brain (Hint: It’s Easier Than You Think): Healthline Media: <www.healthline.com/health/brain-detox&gt; (accessed October 6, 2022).

‌‌‌[8] –

Lindberg, S., 2018, Autophagy: What You Need to Know: Healthline Media: <www.healthline.com/health/autophagy#diet:~:text=In%20response%20to%20this%20restriction%2C%20your%20body%20will%20begin%20to%20start%20producing%20ketone%20bodies%20that%20have%20many%20protective%20effects.%20Khorana%20says%20studies%20suggest%20that%20ketosis%20can%20also%20cause%20starvation%2Dinduced%20autophagy%2C%20which%20has%20neuroprotective%20functions.&gt; (accessed October 6, 2022).

‌‌‌[9] –

www.nature.com/articles/s41531-017-0035-z#:~:text=Dietary%20sources%20of%20%CE%B1%2Dsynuclein&text=%CE%B1%2DSynuclein%20protein%20is%20highly,cow%2C%20and%20chicken%2C%20respectively.

‌‌[10] –

Linetsky, E., S. Abd Elhadi, M. Bauer, A. Gallant, M. Namnah, S. Weiss, D. Segal, R. Sharon, and D. Arkadir, 2022, Safety and Tolerability, Dose-Escalating, Double-Blind Trial of Oral Mannitol in Parkinson’s Disease: Frontiers in Neurology, v. 12, doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.716126.

‌‌‌[11] –

Linetsky, E., S. Abd Elhadi, M. Bauer, A. Gallant, M. Namnah, S. Weiss, D. Segal, R. Sharon, and D. Arkadir, 2022, Safety and Tolerability, Dose-Escalating, Double-Blind Trial of Oral Mannitol in Parkinson’s Disease: Frontiers in Neurology, v. 12, doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.716126.

‌‌‌[12] –

www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2019.01124/full#:~:text=%CE%B1%2DSynuclein%20(%CE%B1%2DSyn)%20forms,and%20different%20Hsps%20remains%20unclear.

‌‌[13] –

Sulforaphane, which is high in broccoli sprouts, clears away brain amyloid plaques and tau tangles and ameliorated memory defects in mice., 2019: <www.foundmyfitness.com/news/s/emuzn7/sulforaphane_which_is_high_in_broccoli_sprouts_clears_away_brain_amyloid_plaques_and_tau_tangles_and_ameliorated_memory_defects_in_mice/comments/gsmrq4#:~:text=To%20learn%20more,jed%2Dw%2Dfahey&gt; (accessed October 6, 2022).

‌‌‌[14] –

Cox, D., D. R. Whiten, J. W. P. Brown, M. H. Horrocks, R. San Gil, C. M. Dobson, D. Klenerman, A. M. van Oijen, and H. Ecroyd, 2018, The small heat shock protein Hsp27 binds α-synuclein fibrils, preventing elongation and cytotoxicity: Journal of Biological Chemistry, v. 293, no. 12, p. 4486–4497, doi:10.1074/jbc.m117.813865.

‌‌‌‌[15] –

Gan, N., Y.-C. Wu, M. Brunet, C. Garrido, F.-L. Chung, C. Dai, and L. Mi, 2010, Sulforaphane Activates Heat Shock Response and Enhances Proteasome Activity through Up-regulation of Hsp27: Journal of Biological Chemistry, v. 285, no. 46, p. 35528–35536, doi:10.1074/jbc.m110.152686.

‌‌‌‌[16] –

Schepici, G., P. Bramanti, and E. Mazzon, 2020, Efficacy of Sulforaphane in Neurodegenerative Diseases: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, v. 21, no. 22, p. 8637, doi:10.3390/ijms21228637.

17-

Hyman, M., 2010, What is Glutathione and How Do I Get More of It? – Dr. Mark Hyman: <drhyman.com/blog/2010/05/12/what-is-glutathione-and-how-do-i-get-more-of-it/&gt; (accessed October 9, 2022).

18-

‌Wang, N., C. H. Gibbons, J. Lafo, and R. Freeman, 2013, -Synuclein in cutaneous autonomic nerves: Neurology, v. 81, no. 18, p. 1604–1610, doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3182a9f449.

‌19-

Dringen, R., 2000, Metabolism and functions of glutathione in brain: Progress in Neurobiology, v. 62, no. 6, p. 649–671, doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(99)00060-x.

20-

Fields, C. R., N. Bengoa-Vergniory, and R. Wade-Martins, 2019, Targeting Alpha-Synuclein as a Therapy for Parkinson’s Disease: Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience, v. 12, doi:10.3389/fnmol.2019.00299.

‌21-

Peters, R., 2006, Ageing and the brain: Postgraduate Medical Journal, v. 82, no. 964, p. 84–88, doi:10.1136/pgmj.2005.036665.

‌22-

Exercise Hormone Halts Parkinson’s Disease Symptoms

23 –

Forced exercise 35% improvement, motor learning ? upregulate dopamine

24 – Ambroxol

www.parkinson.org/blog/science-news/ambroxol

25 – Vitamin B1

 

Oral Glutamine Increases Circulating GLP-1, Glucagon and Insulin Levels in Lean, Obese and Type 2 Diabetic Subjects

Glutamine effectively increases circulating GLP-1, GIP and insulin levels in vivo and may represent a novel therapeutic approach to stimulating insulin secretion in obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Keywords: GLP-1, GIP, glucagon, insulin secretion, glutamine

Source: Oral Glutamine Increases Circulating GLP-1, Glucagon and Insulin Levels in Lean, Obese and Type 2 Diabetic Subjects

Adequate Vitamin B12 and low Homocysteine Levels may slow  progression of PD

Source: Vitamin B12 and Homocysteine Levels Predict Different Outcomes in Early Parkinson’s Disease

Background: In moderately advanced Parkinson’s disease (PD), low serum vitamin B12 levels are common and are associated with neuropathy and cognitive impairment. However, little is known about B12 in early PD.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of low vitamin B12 status in early PD and whether it is associated with clinical progression.

Methods: We measured vitamin B12 and other B12 status determinants (methylmalonic acid, , and holotranscobalamin) in 680 baseline and 456 follow-up serum samples collected from DATATOP participants with early, untreated PD. Borderline low B12 status was defined as serum B12 <184 pmol/L (250 pg/mL), and elevated homocysteine was defined as >15 µmol/L. Outcomes included the UPDRS, ambulatory capacity score (sum of UPDRS items 13-15, 29&30), and MMSE, calculated as annualized rates of change.

Results: At baseline, 13% had borderline low B12 levels, 7% had elevated homocysteine, whereas 2% had both. Elevated homocysteine at baseline was associated with worse scores on the baseline MMSE. Analysis of study outcomes showed that compared with the other tertiles, participants in the low B12 tertile (<234 pmol/L; 317 pg/mL) developed greater morbidity as assessed by greater annualized worsening of the ambulatory capacity score. Elevated homocysteine was associated with greater annualized decline in MMSE (−1.96 vs. 0.06; P = 0001). Blood count indices were not associated with B12 or homocysteine status. Conclusions: In this study of early PD, low B12 status was common. Low B12 at baseline predicted greater worsening of mobility whereas elevated homocysteine predicted greater cognitive decline. Given that low B12 and elevated homocysteine can improve with vitamin supplementation, future studies should test whether prevention or early correction of these nutritionally modifiable conditions slows development of disability. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society Supporting Informatio

Rehabilitation of Mitochondria by Lipid Replacement

According to Dr. Garth Nicholson, with prolonged mycoplasma viral infections, the pathogen penetrates cells and causes mitochondrial damage. The phenomenon is typical in a number of chronic diseases (for the infection as a cause of chronic diseases go here), as a result of cancer treatments, and as a result of aging. Declined mitochondrial function causes fatigue and other damage.

For the role of mitochondria in idiopathic Parkinson’s go here, and here.

The above treatment was originally developed for anti-aging.

LRT – Lipid Replacement Therapy

Treatment is by capsules containing lipids needed to repair the mitochondria. Capsules contain a higher concentration of lipids than found in food. The capsules preserve their integrity as they travel through the digestive system. In essence, it is a nutritional supplement.

A short explanation of LRT:

As discussed in the video, it can be assumed that a diet based on unprocessed and uncooked organic food will have good results.

Here is a study showing a significant improvement in mitochondrial function after taking an NT Factor supplement pack for 12 weeks.

NT Factor Contents:

NTFactor® is a nutrient complex that is extracted and prepared using a proprietary process that protects lipids from oxidation. In addition, nutrients, vitamins and probiotic microorganisms are added to the preparation. It contains the following ingredients: Glycophospholipids: polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine, other polyunsaturated phosphatidyl lipids, glycolipids and other lipids such as cardiolipin and sterol lipids. Probiotics: Bifido bacterium, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus bacillus in a freeze-dried, microencapsulated form with appropriate growth nutrients. Food Supplements, Vitamins and Growth Media: bacterial growth factors to support probiotic growth, including defatted rice bran, arginine, beet root fiber extract, black strap molasses, glycine, magnesium sulfate, para-amino-benzoate, leek extract, pantethine (bifidus growth factor), taurine, garlic extract, calcium borogluconate, artichoke extract, potassium citrate, calcium sulfate, spirulina, bromelain, natural vitamin E, calcium ascorbate, alpha-lipoic acid, oligosaccharides, vitamin B-6, niacinamide, riboflavin, inositol, niacin, calcium pantothenate, thiamin, vitamin B-12, folic acid, chromium picolinate.

Additional Information and Purchase:

NIH Supplement Ingredient Fact Sheets for Professionals and Consumers

The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements offers a fact sheet giving an overview of each vitamin, mineral, and other dietary supplement ingredients. There are two versions – the version for health professionals and the consumer version. Both versions contain the same listings but the professional fact sheet goes into more detail.

Source: Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) Fact Sheets

Know What’s in the Supplements you Buy

Labdoor buys supplements from retail stores and tests them in chemistry labs then publishes the results with expert reviews. They offer free lab reports with no manufacturer bias. Each supplement is independently tested so that you can be sure of the safety of the products you buy. Find out what’s really in your supplement without false claims. You often see products that are “endorsed by celebs”, claim to be “maximum strength”, or are “recommended by doctors” but have not been tested and are low quality.

Source: Labdoor

Reviews and Ratings for Supplements on ConsumerLab.com

On ConsumerLab.com you can read product reviews of supplements and medicines; learn about health warnings; brands and get answers to your questions about drugs and supplements. The products listed on ConsumerLab.com include vitamins, minerals, herbal supplements, nutrition powders, health bars, and nutrition drinks, tropical oils and creams, health protection devices, health foods, drugs, and health products for pets. Products are categorized by name and also by health condition so you can search for your particular illness or disease to find the relevant supplements and their reviews.

Source: ConsumerLab.com

Is it Safe to Take CoQ10 While Taking Warfarin or Plavix (clopidogrel)?

Question: Does CoQ10 interact with blood thinners? Answer: There are studies with conflicting results on whether CoQ10 may interfere with warfarin treatment or decrease the effectiveness of warfarin (Coumadin). There are studies that suggest that CoQ10 may increase the risk of bleeding when on warfarin and other studies that suggest CoQ10 may decrease the risk of bleeding when on warfarin. Other studies indicate that there is no effect so long as your INR (bleeding time) is stable. It’s not clear whether CoQ10 affects Plavix treatment. Consult with your doctor before taking any supplement or medication.

Source: ConsumerLab Q&A

Use of K₂ and Warfarin During Perioperative Period of Catheter Ablation

A study published in the Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Care in 2016 conducted population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling for retrospective clinical data to investigate the effect of vitamin K2on the anticoagulant activity of warfarin in the perioperative period of catheter ablation. 579 INR values of prothrombin time from 100 patients were analyzed using the nonlinear mixed-effects modeling program NONMEM. A 1-compartment model was adapted to the pharmacokinetics of warfarin and vitamin K2, and the indirect response model was used to investigate the relationship between plasma concentration and the pharmacodynamic response of warfarin and vitamin K2.

The population parameters obtained successfully explained the observed INR values and indicated an increase in sensitivity to warfarin in patients with reduced renal function. Vitamin K2 administration of more than 20 mg caused a slight dose-dependent decrease in INR on the day of catheter ablation and a delayed INR elevation after warfarin re-initiation. A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model was successfully built to explain the retrospective INR data during catheter ablation.

Source: Effect of vitamin K2 on the anticoagulant activity of warfarin during the perioperative period of catheter ablation: Population analysis of retrospective clinical data

Could Coenzyme Q10 be Used as a Supplement for PD Patients?

A paper by Robert Alan Bonakdar, MD, and Erminia Guarneri MD, published by aafp.org in 2005 looks at coenzyme Q10 and its use in the treatment of a variety of disorders including PD, plus cardiac, immunologic, and oncologic conditions. Coenzyme Q10 appears to be a safe supplement with minimal side effects and low drug interaction potential. As yet, coenzyme Q10 has not been approved for the treatment of specific diseases in the USA. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study of 80 patients found that 1,200 mg per day of coenzyme Q10 was associated with up to 44 percent less functional decline in patients with Parkinson’s disease, including activities of daily living. A study of 28 patients with Parkinson’s disease also demonstrated mild symptom improvement with daily oral dosing of 360 mg of coenzyme Q10. These results are awaiting confirmation.

Source: Coenzyme Q10 – American Family Physician

Vitamin K, as a Treatment, and its Interaction with Warfarin

An article published in U.S.Pharmacist in 2012 looks at the emerging role of K2. Recent research has found that vitamin K could be used to treat osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases, and perhaps Alzheimer’s, skin aging, and various cancers. Vitamin K plays a role in regulating the healthy function of calcium and preventing pathologic calcification of the vessels and soft tissues. Vitamin K vitamers include K1 phytonadione; K2 menaquinone, and K3 menadione. The ability to convert vitamin K1 to K2 varies widely between species and breeds of animals. Vitamins K1 and K2 chemically share a common ring-structured nucleus but possess different types of side chains. Humans require dietary preformed vitamin K2 for optimal health, due to its superiority over K1 and for normal clotting of blood. The bones, liver, cartilage, and arterial walls can pull vitamin K from the blood. The current FDA recommendation is for the liver requirement only. Vitamin K antagonists include Warfarin, the blood-thinning drug that inhibits vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. Vitamin K can decrease the blood-thinning effects of warfarin and lower PT or INR value.

Source: The Emerging Role of Vitamin K2

 

What are the Benefits, Side Effects, and Uses of Resveratrol?

A study published in the MDPI journal Biomedicines in 2018 looked at the pros and cons of Resveratrol. Resveratrol has a wide range of beneficial properties; it is cardioprotective, an antioxidant, neuroprotective, has anti-cancer activities, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its hydrophobic nature gives it limited bioavailability resulting from its poor water solubility. Resveratrol has not been found to have any side effects but this may depend on the dosage. Resveratrol can effectively­­­­ help with a number of conditions. Its neuroprotective properties can help with various neurogenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, and PD. Although Resveratrol’s benefits are well documented some studies have shown that it may behave as a pro-oxidizing agent, thus it may also have implications in the pathology of several diseases.

Source: Resveratrol: A Double-Edged Sword in Health Benefits